Steve Ceci: Is tenure justified
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TITLE: Is tenure justified? An experimental study of faculty beliefs about tenure, promotion, and academic freedom
AUTHORS: Stephen J. Ceci, Wendy M. Williams, and Katrin Mueller-Johnson
ABSTRACT: The behavioral sciences have come under attack for writings and speech that affront sensitivities. At such times, academic freedom and tenure are invoked to forestall efforts to censure and terminate jobs. We review the history and controversy surrounding academic freedom and tenure, and explore their meaning across different fields, at different institutions, and at different ranks. In a multifactoral experimental survey, 1,004 randomly-selected faculty from top-ranked institutions were asked how colleagues would typically respond when confronted with dilemmas concerning teaching, research, and wrong-doing. Full professors were perceived as more likely to insist on academic freedom to teach unpopular courses, research controversial topics, and whistle-blow wrong-doing than were lower-ranked professors (even associate professors with tenure). Everyone thought others were more likely to exercise academic freedom than they themselves were, and promotion to full professor was a better predictor of who would exercise academic freedom than was the awarding of tenure. Few differences emerged related either to gender or type of institution, and behavioral scientists?beliefs were similar to scholars from other fields. No support was found for glib celebrations of tenure’s sanctification of broadly-defined academic freedoms. These findings challenge the assumption that tenure can be justified on the basis of fostering academic freedom, suggesting the need for a reexamination of the philosophical foundation and practical implications of tenure in today’s academy.
KEYWORDS: Academic Freedom; Faculty Beliefs; Academia; Professoriate; Promotion; Scientific Misconduct; Tenure; Whistle-Blowing; Ethical Issues
FULL TEXT: http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/Ceci-04182005/Referees/